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Indicators is used to track progress and document success,
This is the only way we can measure the change

Creating and critiquing of theory of change shows how stakeholder would look into sources of funds for the precondition

Creating and critiquing of theory of change shows how stakeholder would look into sources of funds for the precondition

“Mega-Outcomes,” which are big, complex long-term goals. which make the Theory of Change process more complicated.

“Mega-Outcomes,” which are big, complex long-term goals. which make the Theory of Change process more complicated.

A theory of change would not be complete without an articulation of the assumptions that stakeholders use to explain the change process they have envisioned. Assumptions explain both the connections between the preconditions for long-term change that occur in the early and intermediate stages of the change process, and the expectations about how and why proposed interventions will bring them about.

After our funders view our Theory of Change, they should understand vision, mission, objectives, outcomes and key interventions of our organization.

"A theory of change is essentially an explanation of how a group of stakeholders expects to reach a commonly understood long-term goal." - Partnership can help us reach our goal(s); in other words we need each other to attain our dreams.

The very first task of the process is often
the easiest to take for granted.

Because we sometime take things for granted and put us in to the state of procrastination

How will your team define these outcomes, preconditions, interventions, indicators, and assumptions?

They define five steps to create a Theory of Change:

1. Determine the long-term outcome
2. Create a pathway of change
3. Operationalize outcomes
4. Define interventions
5. Articulate assumptions

Task 1: Identify the Long-Term Outcome
The very first task of the process is often the easiest to take for granted. It may seem obvious that everyone in the planning group understands that they are working toward the same long-term outcome but you (and the
participants!) will soon see that this is not always the case.

The facilitator should help the group sort its
ideas about preconditions, grouping similar
ideas together and trying to narrow the pool
down to four to six ideas that reflect the
group’s best thinking about the necessary
and sufficient “last outcomes” to be reached
before the long-term outcome can be realized

I choose the below sentence:
“the indicator is the concept or idea that will be used to determine success—how it is actually measured is another thing entirely…”
This sentence is important because, usually, when we think of an indicator, the firsts thoughts are about what data we have (or may have) access to, instead of thinking about the best way to document success on an activity, which limits the actual required indicators

When developping a theory of change as a team it is good to start with a session
devoted to crafting a clear definition of the longterm outcome they hope to achieve through
their program activities. This is important sentence because if the team have a common understanding of the ultimate goal, it will be easier to develop a pathway of change.

A theory of change raises new questions for stakeholders to consider while developing a strategic plan or evaluation.

Assumptions about why each precondition is necessary to achieve the result in the pathway of change and why the set of preconditions are sufficient to bring about the long-term outcome.

"It may be important to discuss with the group the need to keep critical assumptions in mind (or to write them down as they come up in conversation), since this step is about checking the assumptions embedded in the theory that has been developed thus far." (P.16).

This sentence contains an important idea of a theory of change (ToC) that participants may easily undermine. The idea is that the different components (preconditions, interventions) that we are suggesting to be a part of our ToC are reflections of what we personally take for granted or hold true. As such, surfacing these underlying logic and views that are consciously or unconsciously guiding our contributions to the creation of the ToC from the outset is an excellent activity that each participate should engage in. Surfacing and jotting down the assumptions will also give us early opportunity to reflect on and revise as necessary the assumptions we are using in contributing to the creation of the ToC. When the group reaches the stage of formally articulating assumptions, all we need will be to refer to the notes we have been taking during the previous stages the ToC development.

Determine the long-term outcome

"the pathway of change map depicts the relationship among nouns—only outcomes (results, accomplishments, states, changes, etc.) are shown in the boxes at this point"

I think this is so important to remember and can cause such confusion, since we always tend to jump to thinking about what we can DO rather than what we want to see at the end. I found the whole section on outcomes, indicators and measurements helpful, as we have had difficulties in the past when designing projects exactly at this juncture of what you want to see at the end, what it would look like and how you would know you'd got there.

Assumptions explain both the connections between the preconditions for long-term change that occur in the early and intermediate stages of the change process, and the expectations about how and why proposed interventions will bring them about.

A sentence from the reading which I found to be particularly useful is "One of the important tasks is to distinguish between the outcomes that the group can do something about, and those that are beyond the reach of the initiative" because focusing on tasks beyond our reach is a waste of time and resources.

the pathway of change map depicts the relationship among nouns—only outcomes results, accomplishments, states, changes, etc.
it is important because it should not be in a doing form as a verb

GENIAL COURSE

For us, everything in the pathway of change is a precondition to the long-term goal....the outcomes on the path are all required to reach the goal—without each of them in place, we assume the goal cannot be attained.
I think this statement accentuates the importance of outcomes in providing early warning signals on the possibility of achieving long term goal in any theory of change

The most useful sentences: the indicator is the concept or idea that will be used to determine success.
create clear indicators of the project is a way easy to measure the success of its program. Building good indicators need to dig deeper and including the suitable method or best practices.

Vague outcome statements lead to fuzzy
thinking about what needs to be done to
reach them.
We are going to make great efforts to achieve our goal so we should do the work of finding out exactly what that goal is. If not, our efforts might be wasted.

Sentence Structure is important because it provide us with the framework for the clear written expression of our ideas. ... A complete sentence always contains a verb, expresses a complete idea and makes sense standing alone.

Theory of Change probes questions in the minds of stakeholders while connecting outcomes to preconditions and activities. These activities help in setting realistic preconditions and creates a better understanding of the organization and it's activities.

i think all of the senteces is important

"Even within an established program or initiative, folks often hold different ideas about the ultimate purposes of their work." This concept is important because I have noticed in my organization different understanding of how we intend to apply policies, or make decision about issues.

"For us, a pathway of change is a map that illustrates the relationship between actions and outcomes and also shows how outcomes are related to each other over the lifespan of the initiative."

I feel this is particularly useful because it details the pathway of change. Many strategy building processes utilize bang boxes filled with goals that are often difficult to attain or track without deeper knowledge. The mapping of actions and outcomes offer clarity as well as accountability.

Absolutely! The process is purposeful and guides users to be mindful of each step between intervention and outcome.

"Often, participants are inclined to focus on what they must do or what must be done to others in the process of creating the change"
It should be specified during the development of a pathway of Change that the goal is to depict the preconditions (results, changes, accomplishments, states) related to the long-term outcome, not to write down a list of interventions. It should be noted that it is not allowed on the pathway of change to use VERBS

One of the important tasks is to distinguish between the outcomes that the group can do something about , and those that are beyond the reach of the initiative.
This is useful as I have been in many meetings and much time is wasted 'off' topic and beyond the reach of the group to effect. This is helpful from outset in my planning and opening session with a group.

In relation to this 'excerpt' and the question of building trust, a safe place for difficult conversations... I would invite them all to think about why they joined this organisation and what they are trying to achieve in the future. This process is about learning from each other and contributing valuable insights from the group. Everyone here is important in this process. To stay on track we are going to be brought back to a future focus every time we step out. We will respect each other and invite everyone to keep the 'working components' of the workshops confidential- so people feel comfortable to share.

A theory of change is essentially an
explanation of how a group of stakeholders
expects to reach a commonly understood
the long-term goal, this explains what a theory of change is all about

Develop a shared understanding with all stakeholders and avoid vague outcomes

Drafting the pathway of change. The concept is important because modifying or editing interventions, preconditions and outcomes are essential activities in the Theory of Change process

Vague outcome statements lead to fuzzy
thinking about what needs to be done to
reach them.
Its important in that it alarms one to develop clear outcomes statement.

The sentence is "The pathway map alone cannot tell the whole story of a program theory, but we use it as a skeleton on which successive waves of detail can be added to create a compelling theory of change." This concept is very important because, I used to confuse theory of change to the pathway map alone. Now I understand that I need to pass through all 5 steps involving key stakeholders to have a complete and contextualized theory of change.

The sentence is "The pathway map alone cannot tell the whole story of a program theory, but we use it as a skeleton on which successive waves of detail can be added to create a compelling theory of change." This concept is very important because, I used to confuse theory of change to the pathway map alone. Now I understand that I need to pass through all 5 steps involving key stakeholders to have a complete and contextualized theory of change.

Develop a pathway of change

The theory of change process according to Community Builder`s guide creates an illustration of all the various
moving parts that must operate in concert to bring about a desired outcome

To ensure a safe place for discussions , I would encourage a focus on the outcome, that will facilitate difficult discussions as they do not intend to target anyone in a negative way.

"Theory of change is essentially an
explanation of how a group of stakeholders expects to reach a commonly understood
long-term goal."

This goes back to the fact that Theory of Change is teamwork. It can not be written by an individual.

Clear definition of the long term outcome , they hope to achieve through their program activities

The ToC process is very important

Vague outcome statements sabotage the ability to build a consensus about what is important in terms of programming and allocating funds. This concept is important because it would remind me not to make my outcomes vague.

it is a method that can be use to think critically about what is required to bring about the desired social change

five steps to create a Theory of Change:

1. Determine the long-term outcome
2. Create a pathway of change
3. Operationalize outcomes
4. Define interventions
5. Articulate assumptions

Pathway of change is a map that illustrates the relationship between actions and outcomes and also shows how outcomes are related to each other over the lifespan of the initiative. This sentence seems to me, the central pole that is holding all the elements of theory of change process together. As the name implies, it is truly the pathway that establishes the inter-connectivity of the entire process.

"We ask theory of change participants to predict exactly who or what is going to change, over what period, and by how much, at every single step in an often-complex process."
The above statement is important because it summarizes well all the important elements that build and make the ToC measurable and realistic. I have been involved in ToC processes before that were not as realistic because some of the elements in the statement above were missing.

“An effective pathway of change reflects only the outcomes, or preconditions, that are at once necessary and, when taken together as a set, sufficient to reach the long-term goal.”
The concept of outcome and precondition will determine whether the organization is still on truck or it needs to adopt a different approach to attaining its long-term goals.

Developing the pathway of change: The pathway map alone cannot tell the whole story of a program theory. I think this is a very important concept that we always need to stress upon, as we need a well integrated and detailed interconnected steps to be added to create a compelling theory of change.

Operationalizing outcomes: During indicator development, folks will limit their thinking by bringing ideas related to the data they have access to, and limit the power of this step.
This concept is essential because a project/program indicators should be comprehensive and this can be achieved through creative thinking on the best approach for success measurement.

a third type of assumptions about
the context/environment in which the theory
of change is situated is important to consider
at this point. this is important because unless and until we taken into consideration the context/reality - the TOC will fall apart due to its unrealistic approach

The Community Builder’s Approach to Theory of Change is a method that a community group can use to think critically about what is required to bring about a desired social change. It is important to me because it highlighted critical thinking of each person involved in the process of creating a new Theory of Change for the company.

The Community Builder’s Approach to Theory of Change is a method that a community group can use to think critically about what is required to bring about a desired social change. It is important to me because it highlighted critical thinking of each person involved in the process of creating a new Theory of Change for the company.

The Community Builder’s Approach to Theory of Change is a method that a community group can use to think critically about what is required to bring about a desired social change. It is important to me because it highlighted critical thinking of each person involved in the process of creating a new Theory of Change for the company.

The Community Builder’s Approach to Theory of Change is a method that a community group can use to think critically about what is required to bring about a desired social change. It is important to me because it highlighted critical thinking of each person involved in the process of creating a new Theory of Change for the company.

"the pathway of change is an important feature of the theory of change, but it is not the whole thing." This is so important because most people only visualize the pathway of change when every we talk of ToC. The statement strongly reminds that there is more to just the pathway

A theory of change is essentially an explanation of how a group of stakeholders expects to reach a commonly understood long-term goal. As I observed in reality that many organizations, or their leaders have only pretty vague ideas of how their organizations achieve their preset goals and in some occasions, they do not have an aligned and understandable goals.

I found particularly useful the sentence "indicators are concepts and surveys are just one way to measure a given concept." - it helped me clearly grasp the idea and start thinking of examples that I would give as a facilitator to help people understand the difference.

"What often happens is that participants will blend their ideas of what a particular precondition looks like with concepts that are actually precursors or requirements of achieving the precondition."

This is important as choosing a precursor as a precondition will lead to measuring things that don't accurately track progress or success towards a particular outcome.

Including all stakeholders is a crucial element of the planning process

Theory of change is a method that society use to think critically about how to bring about social development.,
this is very unique because without theory of change it will be difficult to think about how to bring about social development.

that is true

i will try as much as possible to remind them that the purpose is for the better of the organization and the proper service to beneficiaries.
as such i would advise the team to b open and and set aside their individual belief and focus on the interest of the organizational goal and improvement.
the facilitation will also tae into account the physiological well being of the participant.

"Most social change agents
actually work to bring about a complex set of
changes that are easier to discuss with terms
that are multidimensional, but the lack of clarity
that arises when multidimensional concepts
remain unpacked makes it harder to build a
case for getting the job done and for proving
that it was done well."

I have choose this sentence because it explains why to identify and write correctly the long-term outcome is crucial for the rest of the work. This first step of the process could been seen as the most easiest and fastest one to do but if not done properly then all the work that will be done after could be completely wrong and ultimately lead to failure. It is then a very important concept to keep in mind when working on those steps.

Even within an established program or initiative,
folks often hold different ideas about the
ultimate purposes of their work. Therefore, it is
important to make sure that all participants are
on the same page by starting with a session
devoted to crafting a clear definition of the longterm outcome they hope to achieve through their program activities.

I found the above statement and advice so important since we often assume people are on the same page, yet this may not be the case due to different interests, varrying levels of experience, knowledge and expectations.

And with lack of clarity on the common vision, the rest becomes complicated to create outcomes, interventions and assumptions for a vision that is not shared or jointly owned and understood

A theory of change is essentially an
explanation of how a group of stakeholders
expects to reach a commonly understood
long-term goal.

"Therefore, it is important to make sure that all participants are on the same page by starting with a session
devoted to crafting a clear definition of the long-term outcome they hope to achieve through their program activities."

I found this concept important because if the participants start on the wrong ground then the whole process will be directed in different dimensions rather than what they intended to do so.

One sentence I found to be particularly useful is "This[developing a pathway of change] is the most time-intensive step of the Community Builder’s Approach to Theory of Change, and the centerpiece of the theory development work.

"Most social change agents
actually work to bring about a complex set of
changes that are easier to discuss with terms
that are multidimensional, but the lack of clarity
that arises when multidimensional concepts
remain unpacked makes it harder to build a
case for getting the job done and for proving
that it was done well."

I think many organizations fall in this trap. This is the first important step to getting the TOC right and to ensure it is concrete, pragmatic and robust.

"Most social change agents
actually work to bring about a complex set of
changes that are easier to discuss with terms
that are multidimensional, but the lack of clarity
that arises when multidimensional concepts
remain unpacked makes it harder to build a
case for getting the job done and for proving
that it was done well."

I think many organizations fall in this trap. This is the first important step to getting the TOC right and to ensure it is concrete, pragmatic and robust.

"Therefore, it is important to make sure that all participants are on the same page by starting with a session devoted to crafting a clear definition of the long-term outcome they hope to achieve through their program activities. " (page 11).

This is important because at each of the five (5) steps of the ToC process, it ensures a common understanding of the roadmap, the destination, as well as the indicators and assumptions. Without being on the same page, there could hardly be a ToC process.

The first step in the process is essential because the group leader needs to ensure that all participants are on the same page by starting with a session devoted to crafting a clear definition of the long-term outcomr they hope to achieve through the program activities. This is important for facilitators to enter the first
step of the theory of change process with the
understanding that most social interventions
have goals with many components. So they
should be ready to show participants how their
thinking about how to reach goals will be greatly
improved by unpacking large goals into smaller
components.

The one key things that really stood out for me was the concept of plausibility. I have found that solutions (often from developed countries) are just not plausible as interventions where the infrastructure is often not available.

That while it is possible for one to come up with a theory of change within a few hours, it is important to involve the rest of the team members through an all inclusive process. This will synergize all the various view and help focus on the key objectives.

Planning comes with making the necessary arrangements or steps to create the right ToC which all or at least majorities of the participants will depict it rightly.
It gives perfect spacing for defining the outcomes, preconditions, interventions, assumptions and indicators for the program on ground.
Facilitating the whole steps of creating ToC needs an experienced person.
Note: Always take it that the information from this facilitation isn't final, so you need to make it as draft copy because atimes the other stakeholders may want to edit, modify and do other things before approval.

Developing a pathway of change is the second task or step while creating ToC but it's very important because it's goal is special.
It is where you identify and sort all preconditions related to outcomes of interest.
It also gives a perfect reflection of the skeleton, either linear or chronological.

theory of change is very important in the field of monitoring and evaluation especially when design m&e plan.

It
is very important for folks to clearly think about
the best indicator first (assuming whatever
information they want to use as an indicator
can be gathered) and then turn to the task of
figuring out how to measure it (or work with an
evaluator to help think this through).

This sentence was important as it helps me to distinguish what is important to do first.

To bridge the intergenerational and mental health treatment gaps.

The sentence I have chosen that is very useful is “Finally, a theory of change would not be complete without an articulation of the assumptions that stakeholders use to explain the change process they have envisioned”. Assumptions explain both the connections between the preconditions for long-term change that occur in the early and intermediate stages of the change process, and the expectations about how and why proposed interventions will bring them about.

Before we discuss how to undertake a Theory of Change process, let’s review the goals of this process.
No effective change is possible without constant attention to the goals and keeping them in mind.

I try to hold meetings in groups and in a way. If the differences are high. I try to assure my team about effective results

Our target community is experts in the field of political science, including university professors and students of this field, and of course independent researchers
People interested in political issues or journalists in the field of political issues may also be targeted.

I try to speak decisively about the assumptions, but show my flexibility by welcoming different opinions.

This course has been very good and effective for me and I recommend it to everyone

Another thing to keep in mind (and to communicate to participants) is that the pathway of change is an important feature of the theory of change, but it is not the whole thing

Interesting sentence - A theory of change is essentially an explanation of how a group of stakeholders expects to reach a commonly understood long-term goal.

• Under standing the long-term goal or vision is the fist step of theory of change planning than persuading team to participate in the process.

One sentence which i liked the most is the concept of narrowing down the overall goal statement and all the identified preconditions so that it really fits the scope and context well. It helps the project team to be pragmatic and realistic when setting the different level preconditions.

PATHWAY OF CHANGE
For us, a pathway of change is a map that
illustrates the relationship between actions
and outcomes and also shows how outcomes
are related to each other over the lifespan of
the initiative.

It states that the pathways may not be always straight and defined, but like life, the projects we undertake may take turns, may take a backward move, and not always forward. We have to take into consideration all angles, all aspects, and possible eventualities, which may not turn out as we expected.

The final point to drive home is that the process used to create the map is “backwards mapping.”

Is the planned intervention enough to achieve the goal? We have different assumption, some beyond out understanding or awareness so we don't know what we don't know in the first place. Only when we have results or partial output, then we realize our intervention have missed critical assumption and cannot realize intended results

In process changing theory, the time duration of any changes should be first note, that is to say, will it last in the organization, will it be as benefits to the organization In times to come?, If yes then it important it is implemented.

In process changing theory, the time duration of any changes should be first note, that is to say, will it last in the organization, will it be as benefits to the organization In times to come?, If yes then it important it is implemented.

In process changing theory, the time duration of any changes should be first note, that is to say, will it last in the organization, will it be as benefits to the organization In times to come?, If yes then it important it is implemented.

Indicators tell the story of how success will be recognized at each step in the pathway of change.
This sentence is so profound as it defines application of indicators as a concept in theory of change different from other areas like M&E. So, preconditions which are mini goals inform us whether the path taken really leads to the desired impact. To better understand this preconditions, each must be attached to smart indicators.

Precisely. Participatory designing of ToC helps to overcome biases, reduce errors and be more realistic in setting targets. Stakeholder involvement not only makes them feel part of the delicate process of implementation but also a critical part of concept building.